[“学为中心”视角下的小学英语对话课教学——课前预习]今天我执教的是PEP新教材六年级下第二单元B部分的对话课。今年任教六年级，说实话对于这套新教材还有诸多的不适应，相信我们的孩子也是如此。首先是对话的篇幅特别长，Read and w...+阅读
英语是一个重结构的语言，要求句子必须符合句法结构的要求。用来规定句法结构的一些原则也就是我们常说的语法。英语中的语法条文比较多，总的来说可分为两大类，即词法和句法。具体说来，有情态动词的用法，形容词和副词的比较级用法，非谓语动词的用法，时态和语态，定语从句，状语从句，虚拟语气，名词性从句，倒装，强调与并列，主谓一致等。经过统计，95年1月到2000年6月，仅词汇和句法部分对语法的考查就有190题，占52.8%，其中以非谓语动词、虚拟语气、时态/语态、状语从句和定语从句考查最多。今天这一讲我们重点讲时态/语态、虚拟语气和各种从句，下一讲重点讲非谓语动词等。
一、时态和语态
英语*有16个时态，最常用的是一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在和过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时。但从95年以来的考题统计来看，15个时态考题中将来完成最多，占3题，时态考查的次序依次为将来完成时--- 过去完成时 --- 现在完成进行时 --- 现在完成时 --- 一般将来 --- 一般过去。先看以下各题：
Test Yourself:
1) My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight. The plane
I would like to take from there ___ by then.(1999.1)
A. would lee B. will he left C. has left D. had left
2) She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ____ too
long.(2000.1)
A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read
3) "May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock
tonight?"(2000.6)
"I'm sorry. Mr. Williams ____ to a conference long before then."
A. will he gone B. had gone C. would he gone D. has gone
4) Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _____today and are being
modified by the work of scientists of our time.(1997.1)
A. are to challenge B. may be challenged
C. he been challenged D. are challenged
5) Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it ____ necessary
for all planes to land for refueling. (1996.6)
A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would he been
6) He came back late, ____ which time all the guest had already
left.(1999.6)
A. after B. by C. at D. during
7) Until then, his family ______from him for six months. (1997.1)
A. didn't hear B. hasn't been hearing
C. hasn't heard D. hadn't heard
Explanation and Expansion
A：参考答案：1）B 2）A 3）A 4）C 5）C 6）B 7）D
B：评析：
1) 以上各题都与完成时有关，完成时态用来表示到某一个时间为止已经完成的动作或某个状态/动作一直持续到某个时间。如果时间为过去，则用过去完成时，即表示过去的过去，如5）和7）。
2) 如果表示到将来某个时间为止已经完成的动作，则用将来完成时，如1）和3），再如：
It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%.
A. will he risen B. has risen
C. will be rising D. has been rising
3) 而现在完成时表示到目前为止某个动作已经结束，对现在有影响，如4）。从下文中的"正在修改"可以判断人们已经对牛顿的观点提出挑战，而不是将要提出挑战或者可能提出挑战，由此可以判断应该用现在完成时。
4) 与现在完成时不同，现在完成进行时则表示某个动作从过去持续到现在，并且仍在进行，如2）。头疼的原因是看书时间太长。本题可以用现在完成时，但不会是过去完成时，选项B不对，一般现在时表示经常发生的动作，与这里的头疼不能构成直接的因果关系，由于时间状语表示的是一段时间，有不可能是现在进行时，所以这里只能用现在完成进行时。
C．完成时态使用注意事项
① 完成时的时间状语一般表示"到……为止"，以"by"短语居多。如果句中的时间状语是由by引出的短语或从句，谓语动词一般是用完成时态，如：
By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out.
We'll he pleted the task by the time you e back.
② 在完成时态中，终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而表示状态或动作持续的谓语动词必须与表示一段时间的状语连用。
The conference ____ a full week by the time it ends
A. must he lasted B. will he lasted
C. would last D. has lasted (1997.1)
It seems oil ___ form this pipe for some time. We'll he to take the machine apart to put it right.
A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking (1997.6)
这两题中都有表示动作持续的一段时间，应该用完成时态。
但是，如果只表示状态已经存在，则不能用完成时态，如：
By then, he knew what he waned to be when he grew up.
③ 完成时可以用来表示量的积累。
④ 对于完成时的考查有两种，一种是时态本身的选择，另一种是根据时态选择时间状语，如6）。从句时态为过去完成时，表示等到他回来，客人都已经离开了，与完成时态连用的，表示"到……为止"的应该是介词by。
Pactise Yourself
下面请同学们做《语法分册》第五章 二至四节相关题目。然后对照评析自检。
Test Yourself
刚才我们看了完成时态的考查，现在我们一块来看以下其它时态，请先试做以下各题：
1) Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _____ advertisements showing happy, balanced families.
A. are often seeing B. often see C. will often see D. he often seen (1995.6)
2) While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _____ the newspaper pletely.
A. replaced B. he replaced C. replace D. will replace (1995.6)
3) I'm sorry I can't see you immediately; but if you'd like to take a seat, I'll be with you ____.
A. for a moment B. in a moment C. for the moment D. at the moment (1999.1)
4) If she doesn't tell him the truth now, he'll simply keep on asking her until she _____.
A. does b. has done c. will do D. would do (1998.6)
Explanation and Expansion
A. 参考答案： 1）C 2） D 3） B 4） A
B. 评析
从以上各题可以看到，在解时态考题时应注意一下几点：
① 结合形容词选择时态，如2）。从unlikely一词可以看出从句表示的是将来不大可能发生的事情，自然用一般将来时。类似的形容词还有possible, probable, impossible等。
② 根据时态判断时间状语。如3）。谓语动词为将来时态，说明时间应该是in a moment，表示我一会就去见你。for a moment同样可以与将来时态连用，但表示的是"与某人一块待一小会"，这样就与上文的I can't see you immediately意思上冲突。
③ 注意句型对时态的要求，如1）。该句型中祈使句表示一种条件，第二个分句中一般要用will表示在这种条件下可能发生的事情。但是，本题中often的使用可能会造成一定的迷惑。这就要求考生对各种时态的表达方式，以及其作用了解清楚。Will可以表示习惯。
④ 注意时间、条件和让步状语从句中时态的运用。
一般在时间、条件和让步状语从句中用一般现在时表示一般将来，用一般过去时表示过去将来，用现在完成时表示将来完成，用过去完成时表示过去将来完成。如4）。在如：
He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there.
No one is to lee the room until he has done the task.
但注意特殊句型中的时态，如：
hardly/scarcely …when…
no sooner… than…
Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again.
No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink.
Self-practice
请同学们做《语法分册》第五章 第六节进行自我训练。
Test Yourself
刚才我们一起分析了时态的考查特点和答题时应该注意的事项，现在我们一起来看一下语态的考查。语态的考查一般都与时态的考查相结合。在解语态题的同时必须考虑时态的因素。请同学们先做以下下列各题：
1) The last half of the nieenth century ____ the steady improvement in the means of trel.(1998.6)
A. has witnessed B. was witnessed C. witnessed D. is witnessed
2) The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts ____.(19995.1)
A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced
3) This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ____ fortably.
A. is worn B. wears C. wearing D. are worn (2000.1)
4) The fifth generation puters, with artificial intelligence, ____ and perfected now.(1996.1)
A. developed B. he developed
C. are being developed D. will he been developed
5) Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it that much of his collection ____ to the nation.(1996.6)
A. has left B. is to lee C. lees D. is to be left
6) As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ____.(1997.6)
A. ought to be said B. must say
C. he to be said D. need to say
7) Once environment damage ____, it takes many years for the system to recover.(1997.6)
A. has done B. is to do C. does D. is done
Explanation and Expansion
A. 参考答案：1）C 2） B 3） B 4） C 5） D 6） A 7）D
B. 评析
① 是否可用被动语态主要看谓语动词与句子主语之间的关系，如果是动宾关系自然用被动语态。
② 注意被动语态的各种时态构成，但四级考试中没有正误结构的判断，考生只需要根据上下文判断出该用什么时态即可。
③ 不及物动词不可能有被动语态，但及物动词也未必有被动语态，主要是看句子侧重表达的概念，如3题中wear表示眼镜的特点，不可用被动语态。在如：
This kind of software sells well.
It being too cold, the car wouldn't start.
won't wouldn't表示"拒绝"谓语动词不用被动形式。
④ 注意含有情态动词的被动语态的结构，以及类似的结构，如he to be done, used to be done, be said to be done, be to be done。把握各种结构表示的意思。然后就是根据具体的上下文选择适当的情态动词或时态的问题。
Self-practice
好，刚才我们一起了解了被动语态的考查特点和解题注意事项，下面请同学们请做《语法分册》第六章 第四节 自我训练题。
二、虚拟语气
英语中的虚拟语气有4种，一种是条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是名词性从句中的虚拟语气，还有一种是状语从句中的虚拟语气。其中虚拟时态的运用很大程度上和其所处的句型有关。95年以来，对虚拟语气的考查有28题之多，占词汇/语法总数的15.2%。下面我们也分四部分来看一下四级考试中虚拟语气的运用。
1.条件句中的虚拟语气
Test yourself
在我们分析虚拟语气的考查特点也应对策略之前，还上请同学们先做做一下以下各题：
1) If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ____ now. (1999.1)
A. wouldn't be smiling B. couldn't he smiled
C. won't smile D. didn't smile
2) ____ for my illness I would he lent him a helping hand. (19995.1)
A. Not being B. Had it not been
C. Without being D. Not hing been
3) ______before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should he a wonderful dinner party. (1997.1)
A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive
C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive
4) Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996.1)
A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could he got
5) _____ right now, she would get there on Sunday.(1996.6)
A. Would she lee B. If she lees
C. Were she to lee D. If she had left
6) Had he worked harder, he ____ the exams.(1997.6)
A. must he got through B. would he got through
C. would get through D. could get through
7) If the whole operation _____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would he been lost. (1999.6)
A. was not planned B. has not been planned
C. had not been planned D. were not planned
Explanation and Expansion
A. 参考答案：1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) C
B. 评析
① 对于虚拟条件句中时态的运用，首先应该区分主从句的不同。从句中用过去时，过去完成时，或were to/should +原形动词，而主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形动词或动词的完成形式。
② 虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根据从句与某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想当然地认为主句与某一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。
如1）从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。再如：
If he weren't such a kind man, he wouldn't lent a hand to such people as you the other day. (从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。)
Were my friends not to e tomorrow, I wouldn't he bought so many foods. (从句与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。)
③ 熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。
如果与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时，主句中用would/should/could/might + he done的形式，如2）6）和7）。
如果与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形动词，表示与正在进行的事实相反用would/might/could/should + be doing的结构，如1）。
如果表示将来不可能实现的事情，从句中用过去时，或were to / should + 原形动词，以上3） 4） 5）表示的都属于这种情况。
④ if引导条件状语从句时，可以将were/had/should提至句首，省略if。考试时经常是将省略if的与含有if的选项并列，在这种情况下，应注意分清从句的时态，尽管多数情况下都是倒装的结构为正确选项。如2）3）5）。
⑤ If it weren't/hadn't been for …以及其倒装结构were it not for/had it not been for表示"如果不是……的话"
⑥ 正如真实条件从句中不用will一样，虚拟条件从句中也不可使用would，应特别注意。
Self-practice
上面我们一起分析了虚拟条件句中虚拟语气的考查特点和解题规律，下面请自己做以下《语法分词》第十一章第一节的有关题目，进行自测。
2．含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气
Test Yourself
首先还是请同学们先做一下下面两题。
1) Some women ____a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A. must make B. should he made
C. would make D. could he made (2000.1)
2) We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we ___ him.
A. would he telephoned B. must he telephoned
C. would telephone D. had telephoned (1995.6)
Explanation and Expansion
A．参考答案 1）D 2）A
B．评析
含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。四级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句句型有：
① But for/Without, 主句
But for/Without your help, we wouldn't he acplished the task on time.
② ……, otherwise/or ……
He hadn't had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldn't he fainted out at work.
上面2）题就属于该句型，表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以用would he telephoned的结构。
③ 分词/不定式，主句
Hing been born ten years earlier, you could he witnessed the disaster.
Given more time, we could he done the work much better.
You would be foolish to make friends with such people.
④ ……，thought/but ……
Einstein cared little for money, though he could he been very rich.
He could he got the job, but he didn't apply for it.
上面的1）题就属于该句型，表示他本来可以做那份工作弄到一份很不错的薪水。
Self-practice
下面同学们试做一下《语法分册》150页有关含蓄条件句的几道题
以下为关联文档：
牛津小学英语六年级Unit7 Protect the Earth的第二课一、说教材, 1、内容分析：本课时是牛津小学英语六年级Unit7 Protect the Earth的第二课时。本课时通过展示水、树木、能源等在我们生活中的重要性，来提高人们保护地球的意识。...
例谈绘本与小学英语教材的有效融合——1B Unit3《 I l近期，读了中小学外语教学（小学篇）【2018年第12期】，李文英老师在她的文章《例谈绘本与小学英语教材的有效融合》中说到教师在选择绘本进行融合教学时，要灵活地对绘本内容进行删减...
《英语教学设计》之“英语教学策略设计及实践分析”读英语教学组织策略中包括英语知识、课堂活动、课外活动和教学形式的组织策略。结合本课题，我仔细阅读该章节后从这四个方面分述心得体会。英语知识，英语作为一门语言学科，重点是...
牛津版二年级小学英语2BUnit 9 Where’s the plane本课时是2BUnit 9 Where s the plane？我设计的是这一单元的第一课时，主要教学内容是 确定位置 ，教学内容主要是：in, on, bed, TV及句型Where s the ?和其回答，教学重难点是 Where...
小学英语老师家长会发言稿精选五篇小学英语老师家长会发言稿 （一） 尊敬的各位家长： 你们好! 随着时间的流逝，孩子们在渐渐地长大，一转眼，他们已经是六年级的学生了。小学六年级，是学生在小学学习生活中最后一个阶段，...
第三次英语教科研组活动记录参加人员：实验小学、科教新城实小全体英语教师 活动主题：主题课程研讨，所要解决的问题：结合秦秋霞执教的教研课，研讨趣味导向的自由表达这个主题。 高晶老师说明本次活动的目的是...
2014～2015年第二学期考查方案信息技术学科六年级一、考查目标:以SCRATCh2.0软件，让学生通过模块的组合感受编程的过程，理解典型语句的含义，并能通过一定的脚本来表现自我设计的作品。 1.掌握角色导入、新建、修改等方法。 2....
第四次英语教科研组活动记录参加人员：实验小学、科教新城实小全体英语教师。活动主题：英语解题能力训练，所要解决的问题：复习六年级的内容，让每个老师学会应用，为教师解题能力测试做准备。进行新教材的梳理。...
教学设计要符合学生的认知规律《小学英语教学设计》读《小学英语教学设计》是一本集小学英语教师综合教学技能指导的教材，仔细阅读过后，我学到了很多教学方法和教学设计，总结出教学活动设计有以下几项要点： 1.激活学生的已有经验。...
