[“学为中心”视角下的小学英语对话课教学——课前预习]今天我执教的是PEP新教材六年级下第二单元B部分的对话课。今年任教六年级，说实话对于这套新教材还有诸多的不适应，相信我们的孩子也是如此。首先是对话的篇幅特别长，Read and w...+阅读
作文“三段式”的写作
我们常爱说考试作文像“八股文”。的确，在形式上是有些八股，但是这些规范又是我们所必须掌握的，因为老师就根据它来评分，也由不得你喜欢不喜欢。六级作文要求至少120个词一般都是写150~180个词，大都是三到四段，因此我将其称做是“三段式”的写作，即不论什么题材都要有开头、展开和结尾三部分。而且每个部分的写法都有一定的套路，掌握了这些套路，就可以使你的文章看起来有条有理。当然能不能拿高分就取决于你的内容和形式是不是结合得很好，你对形式会不会灵活编排以避免呆板，你的内容是不是充实丰富以避免单调。考试作文的套路可以教，内容的填写就要靠同学们自己在基本功训练阶段的努力了
1、Well begun is half done：
好的开始是成功的一半。文章的开头是你留给阅卷老师的第一印象，所以这第一炮一定要打响才行，也就是说既清楚明白又引人注目。开头是总领全文的，有一定的统摄性，因此一定要言简意赅，不要写得太长。关于开头的写法，传统的方法有很多，比较常用的有：
1)开门见山。这一般都用于谈及对某个观点或现象的看法的文章，在文章的开头就简单的谈出个人看法，然后在下文里展开论述。如：
A. The benefits of television: With the improvement of people’s living standard, almost every family can afford to buy a television set. Television is being increasingly popular because of its values in entertaining and educating.
B. Chinese people in my eye: The Chinese he a 5000 - year history, and modesty, industry, brery, kindness are the flower of their virtues. In my opinion, they still remain true in reality.
2)引用名言。用名人名言或谚语开头，往往比直接用个人的话更有说服力，也给文章增添色彩。当然这要以广泛的积累为基础，不然临时可想不出来。在引用古语或名人名言的时候要注意引用的准确性，如果把握不准的话，不如不引用。
A. Women are not treated equally with men: “we hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable right...”, the American Declaration of Independence declares. While in china, everyone is familiar with the saying “women are equal with men” or “women can hold half of the sky”. It seems that men and women are treated equally, at least in law. But the reality is a different story.
B. Can money buy everything? As the saying goes” Money makes the mare go”, but there is something that can’ t be bought with money, such as time and true love.
3)自问自答。通过提问的方式引起读者对文章的兴趣，你可以在篇首就简单给出答案，也可以将答案放到接下来的段落中。这一般都是用在作文题本身就是提问式或是结论式的文章中。比如说Should people be always honest?Don’t hesitate to say“NO”!
A. What is a good student? Different people may he different answer to this question. Someone thinks that a good student should be good at academic work. Others claim that a good student should be one who is all round development of morality, intelligence and physique. But I think, in addition to the above mentioned, a good student, above all, should be capable of doing practical work, and must be petent in the future work.这是自问自答式的，在第一段中根据题目所给的问题，先写出提示中的两种观点，然后有连接词but，提出自己不同的看法，使人对作者的意图一目了然
B. “Reading makes a full man” is a saying of the famous English philosopher Francis Bacon. It means that anyone who wants to be a full man must keep on reading. But books are ot various kinds and different contents, dealing with different things in the world. Then what kind of book should we read? And how to read?这个开头段我认为是写得很精彩的，因为它不是纯粹的八股式写法。用名言开头，最后用问句点明主题。没有按常规在开头即交代两种相反的观点，然后说as far as I am concerned…而是在认识到读书的重要性的前提下提出我们该读什么样的书和怎么读，使文章在认识上有一定的深度。
4)对比式。在命题作文中，它往往会给出一些提示，表明两种不同的态度，再要求你写出自己的看法。用这种开头的方法要考虑一下整个文章的布局。如果你的主体是论述个人的看法而非别人的观点，那么在开头就有必要交代一下对于这个问题目前存在的一些看法。比如以下的例
A，考题的提示是：有人说成功主要靠运气，有人则认为成功主要靠勤奋，而与运气无关。你的观点是什么?说明你的理由。这其实就是要你以你的理由为表达主体。如果按照作文提示要求是要把别人的观点单独成段的话，则不需要在开头展开对双方看法的论述，留到下面再说。如下面的
B，题目要求是：
1、有人认为业余时间应多参加一些体育活动。
2、有人认为业余时间应多做一些智力活动，如读书、看报、写作等。
3、我的看法。这就是要你将题目的要点单独成段，所以在开头就不用交代得太清楚，点到即可。
A. How to achieve success: Some people say that the key to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard work. There is no doubt that successful people take advantage of opportunities. But if he works little and just waits to see opportunities pass by, he still can’t succeed. So, in my opinion, diligence, devotion and perseverance are three fundamental factors to success.
B. How to spend spare time: Physical activities and intellectual pastimes are two basic ways for us to spend our spare time. Different people may he different means of spending their leisure time.
5)讲故事。这种方法比较新颖，能使文章活泼有趣，但是要注意故事的长短。如果你整篇文章都要围绕该故事展开，你的开头即是故事的开头。如果你仅是用其做个例子，就要写得简单清楚，往往可以是生活中常遇到的一些情景。
Most of us may he such experience: when you go to some place far away from the city where you live and think you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you run into one of your old classmates on the street, perhaps both of you would cry out: “what a small world!”
6)数字开头。这一般都是用于图表题，将图表显示的数字先概括性的总结出来。然后再提出问题，给与分析和解答。
A.”Health gains in developing countries: It can be seen from the graph that health gains a lot in developing countries from 1960 to 1990. Their life expectancy increased 20 years, while the mortality decreased 10%. Why are there such big changes during the 30 years?
B. Changes in people’s daily expenses in the past five years: In the past five years, there he been great changes in people’s daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 35 percent in 1998. However, there was a rapid increase in clothing expenses, which made up 17% in 1998. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other expenses.
划线部分都是图表题中常要用到的一些词组和语句。
7)自创法。写作有时是需要灵感的，考场上也会有灵感。这就看你对文字灵活运用的能力了。比如说：Do"Luck Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?"碰到这样的题,你可以用比较幽默的方式开场：If luck numbers really bring good luck, I needn’t to worry about my band 6 because the last four figure of my confirmation number is 6666. But what if the teacher who reads my paper doesn’t believe this? So it’s my exertion that determines my scores, not the numbers. It’ s the same in other situation.这样写老师一看就会会心一笑，自然认同你的写作水平了。
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