[运用比例解题]运用比例解题 江苏江阴市青阳镇旌阳小学：蒋仪 有些分数应用题，如用一般方法进行求解较为麻烦，如运用比例进行求解，则能化繁为简，迅速求出答案。 例1、一筐苹果，先拿出140千克，又拿...+阅读
第一节 解题策略和备考建议
一.阅读B节大纲样题给我们的启示
我们要注意这部分考的是段落的理解，我们要通读全文寻找重复的连接手段，并确定话题词，然后再对选项进行语篇层次的剖析，发掘选项中的重复的话题，然后用选项的话题
词来匹配文章段落的话题词，做到对号入座。
Directions：
In the following article， some sentences he been removed. For Questions l——5， choose the most suitable one from the list A——G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they he no descendants alive now. 1)________
本段灭绝动物 关键词：extinct
Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.
本段岩石 关键词：rock
2)__________________ . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
本段 水保存动物化石 关键词：water
3)_____________________ There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had tow pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of pound eyes, often with thousands of lenses .They were usually an inch or tow long but some were 2 feet.
本段话题: 像蟹一样的早期海洋动物 关键词：crab-like creatures
4)_______________________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They he a shell posed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
本段 甲壳动物 关键词：ammonites, shell
5)______________
About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in ce paintings and on bone carvings.
本段爬行动物以及哺乳动物 关键词：reptiles, mammals
[A] The shellfish he a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells he been preserved in the rocks as fossils .From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians ge rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.
[E]The earliest animals whose remains he been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more plex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star- fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud .More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell bee embedded and preserved.
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an anism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to lee only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
启发思维：
这篇文章讲述的中心是化石，也可说是灭绝动物的尸体。前三段介绍化石如何的形成以及保存化石的条件，在其后的段落中按时间次序介绍了早期海洋动物，爬行动物以及哺乳动物之前的一些物种情况。
再读选项，大致确定7个选项的启示是：
[A]关键词是“甲壳类动物(shellfish)”。
[B]谈的是岩石保存灭绝动物，关键词应该是岩石以及灭绝动物。
[C]首先介绍鱼类，再谈两栖动物动物的情况。
[D]谈海洋生物分布全球。
[E]谈最早的生物，然后是复杂点的。
[F]谈水中的泥土是如何保存化石的
[G]化石如何形成以及酸化。
深入启发：
这些选项有很多的共同点，有些选项就是在讨论相同的话题词，说明这些选项可以构成干扰选项。这些选项的细微的差别值得我们仔细看，这其中往往会有出题人留给我们的陷阱。
比如：
[B]和[G]都是在岩石如何保存化石。
[D]和[E]都是谈海洋动物的情况
我们可以了解选项的结构：
[A]中的“many”说明与下文是总分结构
[B]中的“nevertheless”表明上下文是转折，上文可能有“although”
[C]中有很多时间词，说明上下文有很多时间词语与该选项对应。
答案注释
1、[答案][B]
[注释]空格前内容讲远在人类之前，地球上就存在着一些诸如鱼类的动物。它们有的还在地球上生存，有的已经灭绝，没有涉及到化石的内容。空格后一段就直接谈到了化石对我们研究动物的作用。由此我们可判断空格处应为引出“化石”概念的内容，综观选项，[B]项适合，再把[B]项代入原文对照：原文前两段的结构为铺垫一转引出话题一对话题引申阐述，十分吻合，故选[B]。
2、[答案][F]
[注释]空格前面说到了化石对人们研究古生物的作用，空格后面又说到了化石的形成：几乎所有我们知道的化石都是保存在由水作用形成的额岩石里。这些化石里的动物大多数生活在水里或者靠近水的地区。根据语脉我们可推知空格处应为与化石形成有关。有关化石形成只有[F]和[G]。而[G]更多地说到影响化石形成的因素，与后面的内容联系不上，选项[F]。
3、[答案][E]
[注释]空格后面内容提到还存在着类似螃蟹的生物，并且用形象的语言从多方面描述了
该类生物的结构特征,从此句中aIso可知空格处涉及到内容应该与之相近 同样地是讲生物种类，同样地讲生物结构。而且根据其按时间次序叙述的特征，这儿谈的应该是更早期的物种，依据这个判断选项E符合。
4、[答案][A]
[注释]我们先看作为空格内容延续的其后的几句话：这当中，菊石是很有趣和重要的种类。它们有一个由许多小室组成的额壳，每一个代表它临时的家。当一个年幼的额菊石长大，它就自己生成一个新室而封存原先那个。从其中的of these我们可知，空格处应该是对菊石所属大类的概括。又从“they he a shell”可最终确定正确选项为A。它们通过词语上下义重复这一手段来维系语篇。
5、[答案][C]
[注释]
空格后面内容讲大约七十五百万年前，爬虫纪的结束，许多种类灭绝。取而代之的是哺乳类动物。我们可将这个物种交替的过程往前推，我们可知空格所在段落应涉及物种更替—有关爬虫纪的发展状况。联系选项只有[C]是有关爬虫纪的内容。
参考译文：
人类生活在地球上的很久又前，地球上有鱼、爬虫、鸟、昆虫、和一些哺乳动物。尽管这些动物里有些是现代生物的祖先，但其他的却已灭绝了，也就是说，它们现在已经没有后代了。1[B]然而，我们对它们了解很多是因为它们的骨骼和外壳作为化石保存在了岩石里，从这些岩石中我们可以看出它们的尺寸和形状，以及它们是如何行走的，以及他们所吃的食物的种类。
2[F]当一个动物死亡，它的尸体、骨骼和外壳常常被溪水带进湖泊海洋，之后由泥土覆盖。如果是生活在海里动物，那么它的尸体可能会下沉，被泥土覆盖，越来越多的泥土跌落覆盖在上面，直到骨骼或者外壳完全被包围保存起来。几乎所有我们知道的化石都是保存在由水作用形成的岩石里。这些化石里的动物大多数生活在水里或者靠近水的地区。因此，必然有许多我们还一无所知的动物、鸟类和昆虫生活在它左右。
3[E]已发现的遗留物中早期的都是生活在海洋中的相当简单的物种。后来的形状更复杂，当中有海合，有着长手臂、由一根通向底或岩石的长茎吸附的星鱼亲系。也有蟹类生物，它们的身体由角状物覆盖。身体部分每边有两对脚。一对是用来在沙底行走，另一对用来游泳。鱼上面有一双复合眼，通常有成千上万个透镜。
4[A]甲壳类动物在岩石里有很长的历史，许多不同的种类已为人类所知。这当中，菊石是很有趣和重要的种类。它们有一个由许多小室组成的壳，每一个代表它临时的家。当一个年幼的菊石长大，它就自己生成一个新室而封存原先那个。在多西特海滩的岩里可见到成千上万个这样的东西。
5[C]最初真正的脊椎动物是鱼，最早被发现在生活到三亿七千五百万年前。大约在三百百万年前，两栖动物即既能生活在陆地又能生活在水里的动物出现了。它们很大，有时有八英尺长。许多生在沼泽地里，那里也是煤炭断层形成的地方。两栖动物滋生了爬虫动物。在近一百五十百万年里这些是生活在陆地海洋和空气里的生物的最初形式。
在约七十五百万年前，爬虫纪过去，许多种类灭绝。哺乳动物迅速发展，我们可以追溯出许多熟悉动物的进化轨迹如大象和马。许多后来的哺乳动物尽管现在已经灭绝，但却为原始人所知，这在他们的壁画和骨骼雕刻中可以发现。
Sample two 排列段落的顺序
第二节选考题型之二--语段排序题
经典语篇模式一：话题+问题+解决办法
阅读指导：这类文章多属叙述性的说明文。文章往往是先提出某个领域或某个方面出现的问题，然后分析问题，最后提出或陈述解决的办法。这类文章的结构可能多种多样，但只要我们善于识别“问题——分析——解决办法”这些主要步聚，就能把握文章的主线。
经典语篇模式二：列举
阅读指导：列举(listing) 是常见的段落写作方式，其特点就好比我们列一个清单。作者用列举的方式来呈现事实、观点、理由、原因等。列举涉及大量的事实或细节，在有明确的表示列举的信号词的情况下(如：First/Second/Third/Finally/)比较容易把握；但在没有这类信号词时，考生有时会因头绪繁多而难以把握。但实际上，列举总是逐项或分层次进行的，无论有没有信号词，我们只要清楚有哪几个层次，在心里给它们标个序号，纷繁的内容就会变得井然有序。
经典语篇模式三：结果原因/现象成因
阅读指导：探讨某种现象的原因的文章是考试阅读中经常遇到的。它属于说明文。这类文章往往先引入某种现象或状况：可能是社会现象或某一方面问题的状况，也可能是自然现象，然后探讨为什么会有这种现象或状况，即产生的原因。在阅读这类文章时首先要确定讨论的现象或状况，然后梳理清楚作者所列举的若干原因。
的统计数字反映的情况真实，这说明D项“没有反映出经济的真实状况”之意也不对。A项的考点是单词“exclude(排除)”和“rebound(反弹)”以及短语“business cycle(商业周期)”；B项的考点是短语“fall short of(达不到)”和单词“anticipation(预期)”;C 项的考点是单词“meet(达到)”和短语“expectation(期望)”;D项的考点是单词“fail(没能)”和“reflect(反映)”以及短语“the true state of...(……的真实状况)”。
经典语篇模式四：对比与比较
阅读指导：对比(contrast)和比较(parison)模式的文章也是考试阅读中经常出现的。文章通过对比或比较来说明两个事物间的不同之处或某些相似点。对比或比较的写作方式一般有两种：一种是分开比较模式，即先论述甲事物的特点或状况再论述乙事物的，可简述为“A+B”模式；另一种为交替比较模式，即对事物的几个方面进行逐项比较，可简述为“A/B+A/B”模式。在阅读这类文章时要注意文章在哪几个方面进行了比较，哪些是不同点，哪些是相同点。
经典语篇模式五：议题+观点+论证
阅读指导：这类文章往往是作者就某一话题发表自己的观点，然后加以论证。阅读这类文章要注意以下几点：①文章的话题是什么？②作者就这一问题提出了什么样的观点？③作者用了哪些主要事实来证明自己的观点？
经典语篇模式六：错误观点+异议+证明/议论
阅读指导：这类文章在考试阅读中出现频率很高，属于论说文中的驳论。作者通常在文章一开始就介绍一种对某一问题的流行观点，然后表示异议或直接表明不同的观点。接着用事实论证流行观点的错误所在或通过议论驳斥流行观点，支持自己的论点。在阅读这种类型的文章时我们要注意以下几点：①所引述的流行观点或他人的观点是什么？②作者的观点或态度是什么？是赞成还是反对？要注意区分作者的观点和他人的观点。一般来说，一些转折词语往往是作者的观点和流行的观点的分界线，如：However/But/Nevertheless/As a matter of fact等。③作者用了哪些论据来反驳流行的观点或证明自己的观点
(三)排序题的解题技巧
1.按照大纲样题所给的情况，如果五道题目全部选择同一个答案的话，这种题目就至少可以做对一道，获得2分。
按照大纲样题所给的情况，这种题目往往只需要做对四个就可以了，最后一个答案不用做就水到渠成。
如果在给出两个正确答案的情况下，如果最后剩余两个答案没有做出，而自己又没有太大把握，为了保险起见，可以在最后的两个答案中任意选择一个字母，两道题目均选此字母，这样至少可以选对一道题。
这种题目在做对一道的情况下，每道题目可以选择的概率分别是P51 , P41 , P31 , P21, P11
在这种数学概率的情况下，对于我们的提示就是尽量先确定答案线索比较明确的题目的答案。不用按照题目的顺序答题。
一. 大纲样题
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reanize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs he been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A] "I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I he absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we'll probably he to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't --it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can go about it.
[B] "Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding ace. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.
[C] "I've got a real problem with my officers. They e on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they he with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.
[D] "Some people he suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair-too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team petitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly, No one was getting any type of reward for winning the petition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.
[E] "The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.
[F] "So I just don't know what to do. I've been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work."
[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation-how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.
Order:
G ______41 ______42 ______43 ______44 ______45 ______ F
41.C 42.E 43.A 44.B 45.D
二. 实战演习：
1. Exercise (本文中心是预测未来)
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reanize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs he been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A].Over the years, societies he developed various ways to try to divine the future. Some groups attempted to acquire insight into events through magic or contact with the supernatural.
To do this, they might he read portents in the entrails of animals or in tea lees. In ancient Rome, generals used these methods to calculate their likely success in uping battles. Reliance on patterns of stars as a means of predicting personal futures also developed early on.
[B]Although this is the most conservative approach to using history to predict the future, it is often the most accurate. However, each of these attempts to use history as a basis for predicting the future is inherently flawed. Therefore, they do not provide entirely accurate deions of the future. Perhaps this is why some people continue to prefer fortune-tellers and astrological charts to predictions based on historical events.
[C]. Well before the considerable decline of beliefs in magic by the 18th century, however, human societies had also developed ways to think about the future in clearer relation to historical time.
That is, they became aware that their societies had pasts, and they tried to relate those pasts to the
future. Most of the forecasts we deal with today, such as those that inform military or business policy, actively use history because the forecasters assume a connection among past, present, and future events. As we will see, the types of connections on which predictions are based, as well as the success rate of those predictions, vary hugely. However, the need to assess predictions applies regardless.
[D]. Three major types of predictive modes, or history-to-future thinking, exist. The first mode to arise, and one that is still widely used today, is based on assumptions about the recurrence of historical events and patterns. Analysts who employ this predictive mode assume that certain types of past developments will happen again, and that by understanding history, they can better handle future recurrences. This thinking lies behind the familiar phrase, “Those who do not know the past are condemned to repeat it.” The second predictive mode to develop, and by far the most dramatic, involves assumptions about a phenomenon called historical disruption. In this mode, prediction highlights the belief that some force is about to radically change the course of history, and therefore, the future. The third predictive mode, not necessarily the newest but certainly the one developed most systematically during the past century, involves looking to recent history for the trends that are likely to continue in the future.
[E].In order to predict the future by means of stars. They he invented a new way called astrology. Astrology, the study of how events on earth correspond to the positions and movements of astronomical bodies, was a key science in classical China, Greece, and Rome, and in the Islamic Middle East. Although astrology and astronomy went their separate ways during the 1500s, as late as the 17th century many Europeans consulted astrologers to calculate the fate of an imminent wedding or a sign of illness. For many years, scientists he rejected the principles of astrology. Even so, millions of people continue to believe in or practice it.
[F].With the three major prediction forms at our disposal, all of them plausible and widely used, why does the future continue to elude us? Why are so many predictions wrong? Many seem plausible at the time they are made- even the 1940s forecast that by the 1970s everyone would be riding around in helicopters rather than cars and the predictions during the 1970s that munes would replace individual families and youth would bee a
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浅谈应用题解题思路训练应用题是小学数学教学中的重点和难点，特别是一些较复杂的应用题，由于数量关系较隐蔽，学生在解题 时很难找出正确的解题思路，会出现这样和那样的问题。因此，在应用题教学中，教师应...
根据特殊关系，追求解题的优化根据特殊关系，追求解题的优化 江苏省江阴市青阳实验小学：蒋仪 在指导学生进行解答应用题时，除了让学生掌握解题的一般思路，还要培养学生思维的创造性，追求解题的优化。 例 1、某...
设1倍量解题设1倍量解题 江苏省江阴市青阳镇旌阳小学：蒋仪 有些分数、百分数应用题的数量关系较为复杂，用分数应用题的一般方法进行求解会比较麻烦，这时可考虑设1倍量进行分析与解答。 例1...
运用转化分析解题运用转化分析解题 江苏省江阴市青阳镇旌阳小学：蒋仪 有些数学应用题，因为数量关系较为复杂，在直接求解时会有一定的难度，这时可尝试将其进行转化进而求解。 例1：一列快车从甲地开...
用推理法解题用推理法解题 江苏省江阴市青阳镇旌阳小学：蒋仪 有些数学习题，有时会感到无从下手，如能运用推理的方法进行分析，则能化难为易，迅速求解。 例1、有a、b两个二位数，a是b的7/4 ，这两个...
运用份数进行解题运用份数进行解题 江苏省江阴市青阳实验小学：蒋仪 有些分数应用题，有时用一般方法进行解答会感到较为麻烦，如果运用份数进行解答，则能收到事半功倍的效果。 例 1、甲、乙两个仓...
认真分析,巧妙解题认真分析、巧妙解题 江苏省江阴市青阳镇旌阳小学：蒋仪 有些数学应用题中的某些条件在进行解答时不一定要用到，我们可根据题目的具体要求进行认真分析并巧妙解答。 例1、一辆客...
运用假设法解题运用假设法解题 江苏省江阴市青阳实验小学：蒋仪 有些应用题如用一般方法进行求解时会感到较麻烦，这时可考虑用假设法进行分析与解答。 例 1、一个数被5除余4，被6除余3，被8除余1，...
运用推理法解题运用推理法解题 江苏省江阴市青阳镇旌阳小学：蒋仪 有些数学习题有时用算术方法或是用方程解较为麻烦，因此可考虑用推理的方法进行分析与解答。 例1、有三个连续奇数，它们的乘积...
