[创造更适合我们班级孩子的“学讲”英语课]李涛涛 ]，自从徐州市推进 学讲计划 以来，一直在努力探索 学讲 之路，在这个过程中，经历了很多困难和挫折，但也意外收获了许多。学讲 课堂重视的是学生自己真实的学习的发生，所以学...+阅读
揭开“cookies”之谜
你喜欢cookie（小甜饼）吗？“小甜饼”现在有“大用途”了。
现在，互联网浏览器储存在电脑里面的文件夹就被称做cookies .Cookies 是联网用户计算机硬盘中的一个记录用户个人资料、所用电脑系统的资料和该用户浏览过的网页等资料的资料卡。好多网站为了了解有多少人，什么样的人访问本站，要求第一次访问他们的用户输入自己的姓名、地址、电话号码、职业等个人资料，并将这些资料制作成一份访问者资料卡通过访问者的浏览器存储在访问者电脑的硬盘上，起名为cookies.txt.这就等于给初访者发了一张会员卡。当该用户下次重访该网站时，他的电脑浏览器就会自动出示这张会员卡，不必重重验关就可以进入该网站。
为何要将这种资料卡取名为cookies 没有人能说清楚。有人说cookies 可能源于海外中国餐馆在客人用完餐离开前向客人所赠“幸运小饼干”（fortune cookies）。这种说法不是没有道理，因为掰开每块“幸运小饼干”，里面都有一张小字条，印有一句让客人看后开心一笑的警句之类的吉祥话。有的还描绘客人的个性特点，为客人卜算前程。想必这也是个人化的信息吧。
还有一种说法，认为cookies 成为电脑术语和《艾丽斯奇境历险记》中出现的magic cookie有关系。 Magic cookie可以神奇地使艾丽斯变大或变小，这和新用户登录网站时，电脑中的某一程序就会因cookie记录相关信息而增加容量有共通之处。不过这个类比似乎站不住脚。因为艾丽斯变大后要想再缩回去的话，必须饮用装在写着“DRINK ME”的瓶子里面装的东西或把“白兔扇”握在手里才行，而电脑术语中的cookie对此没有什么对应。可见，小说情节里的magic cookie和电脑术语里的 cookie还不能完全对不上号。
话说回来，“幸运小饼干”给网上用户带来的未必是好运，因为它窥探用户的隐私，使人如芒刺在背，感到不安。如果你想知道你电脑中的“小饼干”记录了你哪些资料，不妨打开你的电脑硬盘浏览器目录中？quot；小饼干“文件看一看。
常见Inter术语表（Ⅰ）
ADN
（Advanced Digital work） —— Usually refers to a 56Kbps leased-line.
Applet
A small Ja program that can be embedded in an HTML page. Applets differ from full-fledged Ja applications in that they are not allowed to access certain resources on the local puter， such as files and serial devices （modems， printers， etc.）， and are prohibited from municating with most other puters across a work. The current rule is that an applet can only make an Inter connection to the puter from which the applet was sent.
Archie
A tool （software） for finding files stored on anonymous FTP sites. You need to know the exact file name or a substring of it.
ARPA
（Advanced Research Projects Agency work） —— The precursor to the Inter. Developed in the late 60‘s and early 70’s by the US Department of Defense as an experiment in wide-area-working that would survive a nuclear war.
ASCII
（American Standard Code for Information Interchange） —— This is the de facto world-wide standard for the code numbers used by puters to represent all the upper and lower-case Latin letters， numbers， punctuation， etc. There are 128 standard ASCII codes each of which can be represented by a 7 digit binary number： 0000000 through 1111111.
Backbone
A high-speed line or series of connections that forms a major pathway within a work. The term is relative as a backbone in a small work will likely be much smaller than many non-backbone lines in a large work.
Bandwidth
How much stuff you can send through a connection. Usually measured in bits-per-second. A full page of English text is about 16，000 bits. A fast modem can move about 15，000 bits in one second. Full-motion full-screen video would require roughly 10，000，000 bits-per-second， depending on pression.
Baud
In mon usage the baud rate of a modem is how many bits it can send or receive per second. Technically， baud is the number of times per second that the carrier signal shifts ＆&emsp118alue - for example a 1200 bit-per-second modem actually runs at 300 baud， but it moves 4 bits per baud （4 x 300 = 1200 bits per second）。
BBS
（Bulletin Board System） —— A puterized meeting and announcement system that allows people to carry on discussions， upload and download files， and make announcements without the people being connected to the puter at the same time. There are many thousands （millions？） of BBS‘s around the world， most are very small， running on a single IBM clone PC with 1 or 2 phone lines. Some are very large and the line between a BBS and a system like puServe gets crossed at some point， but it is not clearly drawn.
Binhex
（BINary HEXadecimal） —— A method for converting non-text files （non-ASCII） into ASCII. This is needed because Inter e-mail can only handle ASCII.
Bit
（Binary DigIT） —— A single digit number in base-2， in other words， either a 1 or a zero. The smallest unit of puterized data. Bandwidth is usually measured in bits-per-second.
BIT
（Because It‘s Time work （or Because It’s There work）） —— A work of educational sites separate from the Inter， but e-mail is freely exchanged between BIT and the Inter. Listservs？， the most popular form of e-mail discussion groups， originated on BIT. BIT machines are usually mainframes running the VMS operating system， and the work is probably the only international work that is shrinking.
Bps
（Bits-Per-Second） —— A measurement of how fast data is moved from one place to another. A 28.8 modem can move 28，800 bits per second.
Browser
A Client program （software） that is used to look at various kinds of Inter resources.
BTW
（By The Way） —— A shorthand appended to a ment written in an online forum.
Byte
A set of Bits that represent a single character. Usually there are 8 Bits in a Byte， sometimes more， depending on how the measurement is being made.
网络广告常用术语
Page views（综合浏览量）：网站各网页被浏览的总次数。一个访客有可能创造十几个甚至更多的PAGEVIEWS.
Impression（印象）：放置广告图像的网页每一次显示， 就是一次印象。
Clicks（点击次数）：每一次当访客通过点击这个横幅广告访问一次商家网页，称点击一次。点击次数可以客观准确地反映广告效果。
Clicks Ratio（点击率）：是广告吸引力的一个标志。如果这个网页出现了一万次，而网页上的广告的点击次数为五百次，那么点击率即为5%.
CPM（Cost per Thousand Impressions）网上广告产生每1000个广告印象（显示）数的费用。按访问人次收费已经成为网络广告的惯例。目前国际上每个CPM收费从 20到 80不等。
目录允许网络
Almost three years ago ，cisco and microsoft annouced the directory enabled work（DEN） initiative ，which sought to develop a standard for storing information about work devices， applications and users in a single directory.
This directory would bind a user's name and work resource access profile to policies for granting or restricting that access， and delegating bandwidth priorities and privileges.work on standardizing specifications for the directory were handed off to the distributed manage-ment task force （DMTF）。
In march ， the DMTF announced it had pleted work on a new version of the mon infor-mation model that facilitates the mapping of the CIM schema into a lightweight directory access protocol（LDAP）-pliant directory .CIM defines how to represent work device ，system and application data in a directory so it can be easily shared for DEN and enter-prise management purposes.
By mapping the CIM schema into an LDAP directory ， users will be able to further integrate directory information into an overall enterprise management system ， the DMTF says .
Customers will make DEN-pliant products a priority once the DMTF makes a little more progress on DEN specifications-such as defining a pollicy schema that would specify data structures for binding directory profiles to work security and quality -of -service （QOS）policies and products soon follow.
Perhaps ， vendors still he to determine how to use directories to prompt work and applications to configure themselves based on business policies .for example ， when a user logs on to a work ， the directroy would recognize the user's name ， department ， location and rank within the pany ， and bind this information with the user's work access or restriction policies. then the IT infrastructure would configure itself accordingly to enable or disable that a access.
One of the killer applications for DEN when it was announced was the ability to link QoS policies to users via dircetories . but bandwidth has bee cheaper and more plentiful in the LAN over the past two years ， and that's made QOS much less of an issue.
Instead of prioritizing bandwidth allocation， users can inexpensively overprovision band-width when they need to support delay-sensitive traffic such as voice and video. Also ， simple mechanisms such as setting 802.1p bits on ether frame or type-of -service bits in IP headers are enough for LAN QOS.
Noheless ， there 's still a huge demand among enterprise users for directories to enable self-configuring works based on business policy.
DEN for QOS may still apply for WAN applications， edholm says . indeed cisco has made more strides with DEN in the service provider market than in the enterprise arena.
Service providers are looking to DEN to integrate multivendor products into an interoperable operational support system .
So despite the silnece ， progress on DEN is being the silnece， progress on DEN is being made and activty is expected to pick up once standards bee a little more solidiffed.
差不多三年前，思科公司和微软公司宣布了目录允许网络（DEN）倡议，该公司要求开发一个在单一目录中存储有关网络设备、应用程序和用户等信息的标准。
此目录把用户的名字和网络资源访问简表与允许或限制访问的政策和安排带宽优先级别及特权挂起钩来。此目标标准规范的研究工作交给了分布管理任务组（DMTF）。
今年三月，DETF 宣布完成了新版公共信息模型（CIM） 的研究工作，此模型实现了CIM模式映射到简便目录访问协议（LDAP）的相应目录中， CIM 定义如何在目录中表示网络设备，系统和应用数据，因而它很容易为DEN 和企业管理目的而被共享。
DMTF 称， 通过把CIM 模式映射到LDAP 目录，用户就能进一步把目录信息与整个企业管理系统结合起来。
一旦DMTF在DEN 规范上取得更多一些进展，如定义一个为把目录简表与网络安全和服务质量（QOS）政策捆绑在一起而规定数据结构的政策模式，以及随之而来的产品，客户将优先使用符合DEN的产品。
厂商们也许还不得不确定怎样利用目录来提示网络和应用程序以便依据商业政策来配置他们自己。例如：当一用户登录上网时，目录将会识别出用户的名字、所在的部门、地点及在公司中的级别，把这些信息与用户的网络访问或限制政策捆绑在一起。然后，IT 基础设施就能相应地配置自己，以便实现或不让实现访问。
当年宣布DEN 的具冲击力的应用之一是通过目录把QOS 政策与用户联系起来的能力，但在过去两年局域网中带宽变的更为便宜和充足，是QOS不再是个问题。
当用户需要支持对延迟敏感的流量，如声音和视频图象时，他们可以廉价地获得很大的带宽，而不用对带宽进行优先等级分配。同时，在以太网桢上设置802.1P 位或者在IP 报头中设服务类型位等简单机制对局域网的QOS 来说已经足够了。
然而，在企业用户中对目录还存在着巨大需求，以便能够依据商业政策自行配置网络。
EDHOLM说：“实现QOS 的DEN 还可以应用于广域网上的应用程序。实际上。思科公司利用DEN 在服务供应商市场上取得了比企业市场更大的进步。服务供应商正期待着把DEN 做进更多厂商产品中去，成为一个可互用的运行支持系统。
尽管（DEN）比较沉默，但DEN 正在取得进步，一旦此标准变的更为稳定，DEN 可望会有所作为。
新的无线局域网标准
With portable puters and wireless LANs，users can enjoy greater productivity while away from their desks ，whether they are in conference rooms， public areas or remote offices.
Until recently ， however，wireless LANs were too slow for most enterprise applications.based on the IEEE 802.11 standdrd，they ran at 1M to 2M bit/sec.
Now a new high -rate extension to the standard ，802.11b， lets wireless works support data rates to 11M bit/sec.
Ratified in 1997 ，the original 802.11 standardunited the wireless industury by defining a low-level protocol architecture that worked with conventional upper-layer enterprise protocol stacks . also， 802.11 maintained patibility with the three most popular radio transmission types： direct sequence spread spectrum，frequency-hopping spread spectrum，and infrared.
Essentially，this new architecture added intelligence at the medium access control（MAC） layer 2 and at the physical （PHY） layer 1， fosteing cooperation between the two layers in performing the critical tasks involved with initiating and maintaining wireless muni-cations.
For instance ，to ensure reliability of the wireless link ，MAC and PHY work together to determine if a clear path exists before they start a transmission.
During transmission， they employ special collision -oidance and arrival-acknowledgment techniques that are not required in wired ether LANs.
in september 1999，the IEEE approved a new designation， known as 802.11.intended to retain the error-correction，security，powermanagement and other advantages of the original ， a key ingredient-a thchnique for increasing bandwidth to 11M bit/sec.
Called plementary code keying （CCK） the technique works only in conjunction with the DSSS technology sprcified in the original standard . it does work with frequency-hopping or infrared transmissions.
What CCK does is apply sophisticated mathematical formulas to the DSSS codes， a permitting the code to represent a greater volume of informitter is now able to send multiple bits of information with each DSSS code ，enough to make possible the 11M bit /sec in the original standard .
The 802.11b standard benefits users by delivering wireless ether speeds of 11M bit/sec that can reliably support everyday business applications，e-mail，inter and server work access.
With support from the new wireless ether from the new wireless ether patibility alliance ，founded by 3，lucent，nokia and several other panies in the wireless LAN business，the new standard will also promise certified interoperability across multivendor platforms.
Finally， the 802.11b standard serves as a clamoring for a simplified wireless LAN landscpape.
Vendors can now focus on a single ，high-speed standard ， and users can cut through the clutter of wireless options by fovusing on a standard that delivers multibvendor interoperability and the performance to meet their application needs.
有了便携式和无线局域网，用户在离开其办公桌的时候，不管是在会议室、公共区域还是在远处办公室，都能享有更高的生产效率。
然而，时至今日，无线局域网对多数企业应用来说还是太慢。依据IEEE802.11标准，他们运行速度为1兆至2兆位/秒。
现在对此标准的一个新的更高速扩展，能让无线网支持高达11兆位/秒的数据速率。
初的802.11标准是在1997年提出的，通过定义能与常规的上层企业协议组一起工作的低级协议体系结构，把无线行业团结起来了。802.11也保持了与三种流行的无线电传输方式（直接顺序扩频、跳频扩频和红外线）的兼容性。
本质上，这种新的体系结构在介质接入控制（MAC）层（第二层）和物理层（第一层）增加了智能，建立这两层之间在执行及开始和保持无线通讯的关键任务时的协作关系。
例如：为确保无线连接的可靠性，MAC层和物理层一起工作，以确定在他们开始传输之前是否有一条清晰的路径。
在传输过程中，他们采用有线以太网不需要的、特殊的避免碰撞和到达应答技术。
1999年9月，IEEE批准了称作802.11B的新名称，作为802.11的高速扩展。此新的802.11B标准在保留原标准的纠错、安全、电源管理和其他优点的情况下，增加了一项关键内容，即把带宽增加到11兆位/秒的技术。
此项技术叫做互补码键控（CCK），他只与原标准中规定的直接顺序扩频（DSSS）技术一起工作，不能用跳频或红外线传输方式工作。
CCK所做的工作是把复杂的数学公式应用于DSSS代码，以允许该代码在每个时钟周期表示更多的信息。现在发射机能在每个DSSS代码中发送多个信息位，足以实现每秒11兆位/秒的数据传输率，而不是原标准的2兆位/秒。
802.11B 标准给出11兆位/秒的无线以太网速度，给用户带来好处，速度能可靠地支持日常的业务应用、电子邮件、因特网和服务器网络的接入。
由
3、LUCENT、NOKIA和其他几家有无线局域网业务的公司组成的“无线以太网兼容性联盟”支持新的标准，此标准也有望实现跨多厂商与用户团结起来的作用。
现在，厂商能专注在单一的高速标准上，用户也能以通过关注给出厂商互用性和性能。以满足他们应用要求的标准上，解决了从一大堆无线网中作选择的难题。
了解kerberos协议
kerberos was developed at MIT in 1998s. it was named after the three-headed watchdog in classical Greek mythology that guards the gates to Hades .the name is apt because Kerberos is a three-way process ， depending on a thrid-party service called the Key distribution center（KDC） to verify one puter's identity to another and to set up encryption keys for a secure connection between them .basically，kerberos works because each puter shares a secret with the KDC， which has two ponents：a Kerberos authentication server and a ticket-granting server ， it a KDC doesn't know the requested target server， it refers the authentication transaction to another KDC that does .Kerberos is a work authentication protocol that allows one puter to prove its identity to another across an insecure work through an exchange of encrypted messages. once identity is verified， kerberos provides the two puter with encryption keys for a secure munication session. kerberos authenticates the identity and encrypts their munications through secret-key cryptography.
kerberos协议是80年代由MIT开发的一种协议。其命名是根据希腊神话中守卫冥王大门的长有三头的看门狗做的。定名是贴切的，因为KERBEROS是一个三路处理方法，根据称为密匙分配中心（KDC）的第三方服务来验证计算机相互的身份，并建立密匙以保证计算机间安全连接。KERBEROS协议基本上是可行的，因为每台计算机分享KDC一个秘密，KDC有两个部件：一个KEBEROS 认证服务器和一个授票服务器。如果KDC不知请求的目标服务器，则求助于另一个KDC完成认证交易。KERBEROS 是一种网络认证协议，允许一台计算机通过交换加密消息在整个非安络上与另一台计算机互相证明身份。一旦身份得到验证，KERBEROS协议给这两台计算机提供密匙，以进行安全通讯对话。KERBEROS 协议认证试图等录上网用户的身份，并通过使用密匙密码为用户间的通信加密。
名词解释：base address
base address 基址：
the part of a two-part memory address that remains constant and provides a reference point from which the location of a byte of data can be calculated. a base address is acpanied by an offset ＆&emsp118alue that is added to the base to determine the exact location（the absolute address）of the information. the concept is similar to a street address system . for example， “2010 main street ” plus an offset（10from the beginning of the block ）。base address are known as segment address in IBM pcs and patibles； data in these puters is identified by its position as a relative offset the start of the segment.
保持恒定的两部分内存地址的一部分并提供一个基准点，从这里可以计算一个字节数据的位置。基址伴随着一个加到基上的偏移值来确定信息准确的位置（绝对地址）。这一概念与街道地址系统雷同。例如：“大街2010号”由基（大街2000街段）加上偏移值（从街段开始的10号）。在IBMPC和兼容机中的数据按其相对于由段开始的相对偏移位置被识别。
常见硬件名和设备名
CPU：Central Processing Unit，中央处理单元，又叫中央处理器或微处理器，被喻为电脑的心脏。
RAM：Random Access Memory，随机存储器，即人们常说的“内存”。
ROM：Read－Only Memory，只读存储器。
EDO：Extended Data Output，扩充数据输出。当CPU的处理速度不断提高时，也相应地要求不断提高DRAM传送数据速度，一般来说，FPM（Fast Page Model）DRAM传送数据速度在60－70ns，而EDO DRAM比FPM快3倍，达20ns.目前快的是SDRAM（Synchronous DRAM，同步动态存储器），其存取速度高达10ns.
SDRAM：Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory，同步动态随机存储器，又称同步DRAM，为新一代动态存储器。它可以与CPU总线使用同一个时钟，因此，SDRAM存储器较EDO存储器能使计算机的性能大大提高。
Cache：英文含义为“（勘探人员等贮藏粮食、器材等的）地窖；藏物处”。电脑中为高速缓冲存储器，是位于CPU和主存储器DRAM（Dynamic Randon Access Memory）之间，规模较小，但速度很高的存储器，通常由SRAM（Static Random Access Memory静态存储器）组成。
CMOS：是plementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor的缩写，含义为互补金属氧化物半导体（指互补金属氧化物半导体存储器）。CMOS是目前绝大多数电脑中都使用的一种用电池供电的存储器（RAM）。它是确定系统的硬件配置，优化微机整体性能，进行系统维护的
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家长会英语老师发言稿五篇【家长会英语老师发言稿】范文一尊敬的各位家长：晚上好!今天，我很荣幸地在这里，作为你们孩子的英语老师，和你们共同探讨一下怎样帮助孩子学好英语，由于水平有限，不当之处，敬请批...
读《英语广场》有感作者：王姣姣 ] 偶然的一次机会看到了《英语广场》这本杂志，翻来看看里面的内容还是很不错的，于是到网上查阅的一些有关这本杂志的信息，它是一本创刊十几年的杂志英汉对照、难度...
儿童学习英语是越早越好吗语言是孩子思维的窗口，代表了孩子心理发育的水平，家长都非常关注孩子语言能力的发展，加上如今对外交往的日益增加，大家更加关注孩子英语的学习，例如，双语幼儿园、剑桥英语学校、阶...
尽量多的运用英语来提问学生，为学生创造一种良好的学这个星期主要是期中调研，这也是很好地检验自己教学的一种方法，我也在这次的调研中发现了的一些问题。首先，听力部分还有待加强。从这次的***中，可以看出学生在第二题，根据问句选...
我爱英语,我爱Courage我爱英语,我爱Courage! 济南市经五路幼儿园与外教课堂互动 今天早上，大一班的孩子们显得比往常活跃兴奋了许多，原来，他们的老朋友Courage要来到班里了!孩子们都焦急的等待着，热...
在生活中积累英语新的一个学期过了近一个月，小朋友渐渐适应了幼儿园有规律的学习生活。和第一个学期相比，他们更爱玩了，学习的欲望和能力也越来越强了。要说小朋友的学习和以前有什么不同，最大的...
