[创造更适合我们班级孩子的“学讲”英语课]李涛涛 ]，自从徐州市推进 学讲计划 以来，一直在努力探索 学讲 之路，在这个过程中，经历了很多困难和挫折，但也意外收获了许多。学讲 课堂重视的是学生自己真实的学习的发生，所以学...+阅读
一. 教学内容：
英文写作基础——动词
引言
写作的基础是词汇。词汇是表达思想的基本要素。按照大纲要求，高中毕业应掌握2000左右词汇。我们可以将这些词汇分类，找出最常用的几百个。对于这几百个词汇，要做到四会，即听得懂，说得出，会认读，能拼写。
学习一个词汇不仅要知道它的意义，而且要知道它的词性。英文中有名词，动词，形容词，副词，介词，冠词和连词。
动词
文章是由句子组成的。每一个句子都少不了谓语。而担任谓语的是动词。对于一个很活跃的动词，我们应该掌握以下几个方面：
一. 准确的读音和拼写
听得懂，说得出是写作的基础。只有掌握了正确读音，才能做到这一点。只有正确的拼写才能准确无误地传达信息。太多的拼写错误会影响书面表达的得分。
二. 基本意义
三. 常用其它意义
除了基本意义之外，这些词在其它语境中还会有不同的意义，有自己的使用范畴。因此，只掌握基本意义是不够的。
四. 常见搭配
我们所说的搭配，不仅包括动词与介词﹑副词的搭配，而且包括与名词搭配的意义。以动词make为例。make的基本意义是“制作”，而make beds意思是“整理床铺”，make use of意思是“利用”，make money挣钱，make a fortune: “发财”，make faces“做鬼脸”等等。
五. 过去式与过去分词
在书面表达中很少用到一般现在时，除非是表示规律性和反复发生的动作，当涉及时态时，就会用到动词的过去式﹑过去分词和现在分词等形式。因此，熟练掌握一些常用不规则动词的过去式和过去分词是非常必要的。这里，我们为同学们列出书面表达中经常使用的一些动词的形式。为了记忆方便，将它们分成AAA，ABB，AAB，ABA和ABC五种形式。一个字母代表一种形式。
AAA: cut, set, cost, hurt, let, put, set, shut, spread, read
ABB: bend – bent – bent bring – brought – brought
build – built – built burn – burnt – burnt
buy – bought – bought catch – caught – caught
deal – dealt – dealt feed – fed – fed
feel – felt – felt fight – fought – fought
find – found – found get – got – got
hang – hung – hung (挂) he – had – had
hear - heard – heard hide – hid – hid
hold – held – held keep – kept – kept
lay – laid – laid lead – led – led
lee – left – left lend – lent – lent
light – lit – lit lose – lost – lost
make – made – made mean – meant – meant
meet – met – met pay – paid – paid
say – said – said sell – sold – sold
send – sent – sent shine – shone – shone
shoot – shot –shot sit – sat – sat
sleep – slept – slept spend – spent – spent
stand – stood – stood stick – stuck – stuck
sweep – swept – swept teach – taught – taught
tell – told – told think – thought – thought
understand – understood – understood
win – won – won
AAB: beat – beat – beaten
ABA: bee – became – bee e – came – e
run – ran – run
ABC: bear – bore – born begin – began – begun
bite – bit – bitten blow – blew – blown
break – broke – broken do – did – done
draw – drew – drawn drink – drank – drunk
drive – drove – driven eat – ate – eaten
fall – fell – fallen fly – flew – flown
forbid – forbade – forbidden five – fe – fiven
give – ge – given fet – fot – fotten
freeze – froze – frozen go – went – gone
grow – grew – grown know – knew – known
lie – lay – lain ride – rode – ridden
ring – rang – rung rise – rose – risen
see – saw – seen shake – shook – shaken
sing – sang – sung sink – sank – sunk
speak – spoke – spoken steal – stole – stolen
swear – swore – sworn swim – swam – swum
take – took – taken tear – tore – torn
throw – threw – thrown wake – woke – woken
wear – wore – worn write – wrote – written
六. 及物动词与不及物动词
英语动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。这一点与中文差别较大。表达同样的意思时，中文可以接宾语，而英文却不行，需要更换另一个及物动词，或接介词。这种现象是很常见的。如：
arrive(vi.) / reach( vt. ): When did you reach the top of the mountain?
When did you arrive at the top of the mountain?
sit / seat : He is sitting in the sofa.
He seated himself in the sofa. / He is seated in the sofa.
lie / lay: He was lying in bed.
He laid himself in bed.
rise / raise: The prices keep rising.
I raised my voice but still couldn’t make myself heard.
listen / hear: I asked him to listen to me carefully.
Listen! Someone is knocking at the door.
But I can’t hear anything.
look / see: We looked at each other and smiled.
Then I saw something strange.
此外，常用不及物动词：e, go, run, walk, work, live, stay, sleep, trel, fight (against), think (of / about), speak (to)(speak English除外)，talk (to, with), happen, take place, break out, appear, agree (with), belong (to), insist (on), die, fail, succeed (in), knock (at), reply (to), rush, wait (for), worry (about)
七. 后接宾语的形式
在及物动词中，有些后面要求接不定式作宾语，有些要求接动词的 –ing 形式。要分类记忆。
v. + to do
1. wish to do 2. hope to do
3. promise to do 4. decide to do
5. refuse to do 6. agree to do
7. expect to do 8. manage to do
9. fail to do 10. prefer to do
11. plan to do 12. want to do
13. ought to do 14. he to do
15. used to do/be used to do 16. seem to do
17. would like to do 18. in order to do
19. so as to do 20. set out to do
21. make up one's mind to do 22. It takes sb. some time to do
23. be going to do 24. be about to do
25. happen to do 26. pretend to do/to he done/to be doing
27. be thought/believed /said /reported to do 28. he no choice but to do
v. + doing
1. enjoy doing 2. risk doing
3. oid doing 4. keep doing
5. practise doing
6. suggest doing / sb.'s doing / that sb. (should) do
7. miss doing 8. finish doing
9. allow / permit doing 10. delay doing
11. resist doing 12. consider doing
13. mind doing / sb.'s doing / if sb. do
14. imagine doing 15. deny doing
八. 瞬时动词
有些动作瞬间发生，不能延续。如：die, begin, start, join, enter, arrive, borrow, lend, buy, marry等等。
I he arrived in Beijing for two days.（×）
I he been in Beijing for two days. （√）
How long may I borrow the book? （×）
How long may I keep the book? （√）
They he married for ten years. （×）
They he been married for ten years. （√）
The film has begun for ten minutes.（×）
The film has been on for ten minutes. （√）
How long he you bought the TV set? （×）
How long he you had the TV set? （√）
The writer has died for 2 years. （×）
The writer has been dead for 2 years. （√）
以take为例：
I. 基本意思为：“拿走﹑带走 ”。还有“花时间﹑占据﹑乘交通工具”等多种意义。不规则动词，过去式是took, 过去分词为taken。
1. Don’t fet to ~ your raincoat with you when you go out. （带走）
2. He was taken away by the police. （被动）
3. I’m sorry I took your bicycle by mistake. （拿）
4. It took us three hours to do the operation. （花时间）
5. If you ~ my advice, you’ll he no trouble doing it. （采纳）
6. Don’t ~ everything in the newspaper for granted. （认为）
7. I like the red blouse. I’ll ~ it. （买）
8. When are you taking your driving test?（参加）
9. Why not ~ a taxi? （乘）
10. Take the medicine three times a day. （服药）
11. 与某些名词连用，表示这个动作。
take a look = to look take a rest / (take a break) = to rest
take a walk take a risk take a shower take a deep breath
take advantage of
II. 常见搭配
take notes take one’s temperature take care (of)
take part (in) take an interest in take photos (of)
take a seat take something as an example
III. 常见的短语动词
1. take away: All his belongings he been taken away from him.
2. take back: I take back what I said.
3. take off: In spite of the bad weather, the plane took off on time.
Mum asked me to take off my shoes.
I went to an exhibition, so I took a few days off.
4. take on : The old city has taken on a new look.
5. take out: He took out a newspaper and began to read.
英语写作专题训练——过渡词
一. 教学内容：
英语写作专题训练——过渡词
众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词（Transitional Words）是连接这些部分的纽带。
过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合，融会贯通，连成一体。
一、过渡词的分类
1. 根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类：
（1）表并列关系的过渡词:
and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor
（2）表递进关系的过渡词:
besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover(此外，而且), what’s more， what’s worse
（3）表转折对比的过渡词：
but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in pite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others
（4）表原因的过渡词:
because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）
（5）表结果的过渡词:
so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so…that, such…that
（6）表条件的过渡词:
if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as
（7）表时间的过渡词:
when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment
（8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:
first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）
（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词:
in other words, that is to say, to put it another way
（10）表进行举例说明的过渡词:
for instance, for example, like, such as
（11）表陈述事实的过渡词:
in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth
（12）表强调的过渡词:
certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously
（13）表比较的过渡词：
like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to
（14）表目的的过渡词：
for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to
（15）表总结的过渡词:
in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary
2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。
（1）用于“启”的过渡词语 用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：
first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently,
It is often said that…,
As the proverb says…,
It goes without saying that…,
It is clear/obvious that…,
Many people often ask …
（2）用于“承”的过渡词语 表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：
second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，
It is true that…,
Everybody knows that…,
It can be easily proved that…,
No one can deny that…
The reason why …is that …,
There is no doubt that…,
To take…for an example (instance) …,
We know that…,
What is more serious is that…
（3）用于“转”的过渡词语 用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：
but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ..., yet, instead,
I do not believe that…,
Perhaps you’ll ask why…
This may be true, but we still he a problem with regard to…,
Though we are in basic agreement with …, yet differences will be found,
That’s why I feel that…
（4）用于“合”的过渡词语 用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：
in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum up
From this point of view …
On account of this we can find that …
The result is dependent on …
Thus, this is the reason why we must…
二、过渡词的应用
有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词,不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如：
1. 学生习作
TV and website
TV and website are popular media. They he something in mon. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also he different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in.
They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV.
Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.
Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better.
这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。
修改后的文章：
TV and website
Both TV and website are popular media. They he something in mon. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also he different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in.
However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.
In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better.
修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段
第一段第一句为：Both TV and website are popular media. They he something in mon.
第二段第一句为：However, they are different in many ways.
第三段第一句为：In a word, every medium has its own features…
这篇短文每一段的第一句都是主题句，在每个主题句前使用Both…and, However, In a word使全文有序地衔接起来。
如果在文章中再恰当使用其他的过渡词，会使文章增色很多。（见上文）
我们常常遇到这样的作文题目，如：发展私人轿车的利与弊、科学发明的利与弊、网上购物的利与弊。这些题目常常是谈论一个事物的两个方面，这时只要使用表示转折的过渡词就能很好地连接上下段。
As a new way of shopping, online shopping is being more and more popular in our daily life.
Online shopping has many disadvantages. First, online shopping makes it easier for us to buy things. Instead of searching a crowded store, we just need to watch the puter screen and choose the things we like. Second, it is much faster for us to do shopping. We don’t he to spend a lot of time going to shops. Third, we can see a great deal of goods shown on the puter screen at the same time.
However, online shopping is not so perfect. The pictures of goods shown on the puter screen are not always what they are. As a result, we can be cheated easily. What’s worse, we can not see the things in detail.
Despite the disadvantages of online shopping, I think it is an advanced way to do shopping. So we should develop it.
2. 2005年高考作文题
我们主要看一下今年的高考作文题中过渡词的使用:
2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（1）
英 语
第二节 书面表达（满分25分）
假定你是李华，正在英国牛津参加短期语言培训，计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广告引起了你的注意，但一些具体信息不明确（箭头所指内容）。请给该旅行社发一封电子邮件，询问有关情况。
注意：
1. 词数100左右，信的格式已为你写好。
2. 可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
3. 参考词汇：牛津——Oxford 费用——fee
Dear Sir/Madame,
______________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
Possible version:
Dear Sir/Madame,
I’m writing for more information about the day tour to London.
As a student at Oxford University, I’d like to know if you he any special price for students. As for the money you charge, does it cover the entrance fees for visiting the places listed? What about lunch? Is it included? Or do I need to bring along my own food?
How long will the tour last? Since I need to prepare my lessons for the next day, I’d like to know the time to return. Besides, is there any time for shopping? I really want to he a look at the big stores in London.
Yours, Li Hua
2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试
英 语（北京卷）
第四部分：书面表达（共两节，35分）
第一节 情景作文（20分）
美国中学生Jeff将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文，经协商安排住在你家。假设你是李华，请给Jeff写一封信，按照下图顺序介绍他来中国后的生活安排。
注意：
1. 信的开头已为你写好。
2. 词数不少于60。
Dear Jeff,
I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
Possible version:
Dear Jeff,
I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing.
While you are here, we’ll provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. You’ll also he your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon we’ll eat at the school dining hall. I’m sure you’ll like the delicious Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4:00 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing ball games or swimming. It’ll be a lot of fun.
If you he any questions or requests, please let me know. We’ll try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
第二节 开放作文（15分）
请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。
In your English class, the teacher shows this picture of a little boy looking into a mirror, and asks the class to discuss it. Your classmates he different understandings.
Look at the picture carefully and tell the class how you understand the picture. Write what you would say on the next page.
请将开放作文写在右侧横线内
One possible version:
We can see in the picture a little boy standing in front of a mirror. He’s letting his imagination fly. What he sees in the mirror is not his physical self but what he will be like in twenty years. Although he is small and short now, he believes he will grow up to be a tall and strong young man like Yao Ming, who he admires. I think this picture tries to tell us that we should always look into the future with hope and confidence.
2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（3）
英 语
第三节 书面表达（满分30分）
假设你是李华，最近国内一家英文报纸正在讨论北京动物园是否应迁出市区。以下是你所在班级讨论的情况。请你给该报写一封信，反映讨论结果。
赞成迁出： 反对迁出：
1. 游客多，交通堵塞
2. 郊区环境好 1. 建于1906年，中外闻名
2. 搬迁易造成动物死亡
注意：
1. 词数100字左右，信的开头已为你写好。
2. 可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
3. 参考词汇：郊区—suburb
June 3 ,2005
Dear Editor,
Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city.
June 3 ,2005
Dear Editor,
Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates are in for of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams. They also say that once moved animals will he more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well –known at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is .What’s more, moving may cause the death of some animals .To move or not ,this is a big decision which has to be made by people in Beijing.
Yours truly,
Li Hua
以下为关联文档：
高三英语教研组工作计划5篇高三英语教研组工作计划5篇(一)一、指导思想以学校总体教学工作为依据，以提高教研质量和教学质量为目标，增强教师的学习意识、服务意识、教科研意识、质量意识、合作意识、...
2016年关于国庆节英语演讲稿带翻译2016年关于国庆节英语演讲稿带翻译篇1Dear teacher, dear students:Everybody is good! The title of my speech today is: the national flag fluttering.Inadvertently...
攀登英语学习实验学期进展汇报开学近两个月来，我校攀登英语的教学工作按照市、区及本校的教学工作计划进行。从本周开始，进行Unit 6的教学，现将这段时间来的工作汇报如下：一、实验基本信息列项主要内容具...
家长会英语老师发言稿五篇【家长会英语老师发言稿】范文一尊敬的各位家长：晚上好!今天，我很荣幸地在这里，作为你们孩子的英语老师，和你们共同探讨一下怎样帮助孩子学好英语，由于水平有限，不当之处，敬请批...
读《英语广场》有感作者：王姣姣 ] 偶然的一次机会看到了《英语广场》这本杂志，翻来看看里面的内容还是很不错的，于是到网上查阅的一些有关这本杂志的信息，它是一本创刊十几年的杂志英汉对照、难度...
儿童学习英语是越早越好吗语言是孩子思维的窗口，代表了孩子心理发育的水平，家长都非常关注孩子语言能力的发展，加上如今对外交往的日益增加，大家更加关注孩子英语的学习，例如，双语幼儿园、剑桥英语学校、阶...
尽量多的运用英语来提问学生，为学生创造一种良好的学这个星期主要是期中调研，这也是很好地检验自己教学的一种方法，我也在这次的调研中发现了的一些问题。首先，听力部分还有待加强。从这次的***中，可以看出学生在第二题，根据问句选...
我爱英语,我爱Courage我爱英语,我爱Courage! 济南市经五路幼儿园与外教课堂互动 今天早上，大一班的孩子们显得比往常活跃兴奋了许多，原来，他们的老朋友Courage要来到班里了!孩子们都焦急的等待着，热...
在生活中积累英语新的一个学期过了近一个月，小朋友渐渐适应了幼儿园有规律的学习生活。和第一个学期相比，他们更爱玩了，学习的欲望和能力也越来越强了。要说小朋友的学习和以前有什么不同，最大的...
